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- Analysis of Rembrandt
- Joseph Accused by Potiphar's Wife
-
- The story of Joseph and Potiphar's wife is told in the first
- book of the Bible, Genesis, chapter 39. Joseph was sold into
- slavery by his brothers and bought by Potiphar, a high ranking
- official in the Pharaoh's service. "The Lord was with Joseph,"
- and gave him success in everything he did. This pleased Potiphar
- and before long Joseph was given the highest position in the
- household, and left in charge when Potiphar was away. Now
- Potiphar's wife found Joseph to be very good looking and had
- approached him several times saying "come to bed with me;" and
- Joseph being a man of God would not sin against his master or the
- Lord, so he refused her. One day when all the servants were
- gone, Joseph entered the house and Potiphar's wife approached him
- and while holding on to his cloak said "come to bed with me".
- Joseph refused and left the house leaving his cloak behind.
- Potiphar' Wife screamed for help saying that Joseph had attacked
- and tried to sleep with her. When her husband came home she told
- him the same false story. Potiphar was so angry at Joseph he had
- him locked up in Pharaoh's prison. "But while Joseph was in the
- prison, the Lord was with him." This is the subject matter for
- which Rembrandt choose to do his representational painting by.
- The content of the painting all reveals Rembrandt's
- interpretation of the story
-
- This is the account from the Bible of the accusation of
- Joseph by Potiphar's Wife. Rembrandt Van Ryn chose this
- particular story as the subject of his narrative painting
- completed in 1655, under the title of "Joseph Accused By
- Potiphar's Wife". Before researching this painting, I noted my
- fist perception of Rembrandt work of art. I realized through
- that as a result of my later research, my first perception did
- not change, but instead were enriched and enlarged by a newfound
- understanding of the man and his art. I largely concentrated on
- my first and later perceptions in the design elements and
- principles of lighting or value, infinite space, color, and focal
- point.
- After conducting research, my first perceptions about the
- value, or relative degree of lightness or darkness, in the
- painting did not change, but instead I learned that Rembrandt's
- use of light and dark was both purposeful and a technique well-
- known to the artists of his time. When I first observed this
- painting, I thought how dark everything seemed. The only
- exceptions to the darkness are the bed and Potiphar's wife, both
- of which are flooded in light almost as if a spotlight were
- thrown on her and the bed. Some light shines on Joseph's face
- and from behind him like a halo around his body, but this light
- is very dim. Potiphar in great contrast to his wife is almost in
- complete darkness. I first felt there should be more light from
- perhaps candles to cast the entire room in partial light. But
- after research I found that "Rembrandt liked strong contrasts of
- light and dark and used them in his paintings all his life,
- letting darkness hide unnecessary details while using light to
- bring figures and objects out from the shadows. The high
- contrast of light against dark changed an ordinary scene into a
- dramatic one ... the Italian word for this use of light and dark
- [is] chiaroscuro " (Muhlberger 9). Rembrandt must have believed
- that too much detail in the room would have obscured the primary
- players of this scene. He uses light to brightly illuminate the
- most important person in this painting, Potiphar's wife. In
- descending order of importance, Rembrandt places a glow around
- Joseph and casts Potiphar in a almost total darkness. I now am
- able to see how the contrast of light and dark demonstrates
- drastically this crucial turning point in Joseph's life. The
- fact that an Italian word exists for Rembrandt's lighting
- technique only proves the technique's establishment in the art
- world he lived and worked in.
- As a result of research, my fist perceptions about the
- presence of infinite space in the painting did not change, but
- instead I gained an understanding of why Rembrandt employed this
- particular technique in his painting. I first noticed before
- conducting any research on Rembrandt or this painting how the
- walls appear to go on indefinitely; there are no boundaries to
- the room. In addition the artist chose not to add and details to
- the walls or floor. I believe that the design element of
- infinite space, endless space as found in nature, best describes
- this technique. Upon conducting my research I found that,
- according to Richard Muhlberger, "Rembrandt learned to lavish
- attention on small parts of a painting, leaving the rest without
- much detail. He knew that details look more impressive
- surrounded by areas that are plain; they are harder to notice
- when they cover the entire surface of a painting" (16).
- Obviously in this painting of Joseph Accused by Potiphar's Wife,
- Rembrandt's purpose in using the design element of infinite space
- is to attract the audience to the characters in this story and
- not so much their surroundings, with the exception, perhaps, of
- the bed. Therefore, my perception of this design element was
- only enlarged by the knowledge of Rembrandt's motivation in
- including infinite space in his composition.
- My first perceptions about the colors in the painting did
- not change, but instead I gained an understanding of how the
- colors Rembrandt used contributed to the characters'
- portrayal/depiction. Color, the character of a surface resulting
- from the response of vision to the wavelength of light reflected
- from that surface, influences people in various ways. One of the
- greatest color affects people is through their emotions. When I
- first studied the painting of Joseph being Accused by Potiphar's
- wife, the dreary, somber colors left me feeling depressed. I've
- never really enjoyed Rembrandt's painting because of his frequent
- use of low intensity colors like muddy browns. But then, after
- reading the passage in the first book of the Bible, Genesis,
- where the story in the painting is recounted, I began to
- understand Rembrandt's reasoning behind his choice of colors (at
- least) for this particular painting). Joseph is being accused by
- his master's wife, the master he has served with all of his
- ability, of a crime he has not committed, not even in his mind,
- despite the many opportunities the woman has given him. For
- Rembrandt to successfully depict Joseph's situation, he "had to
- ... know the stories he painted and all the characters in them"
- (Schwartz 15). Instead of focusing on the luxurious setting of
- an Egyptian official's bedroom, Rembrandt chose to underscore the
- seriousness of Joseph's situation through color.
- After researching Rembrandt's painting, my first perceptions
- of the focal point of this composition did not change, but I felt
-
- I understand better how he created the focal point. Before
- researching Rembrandt's work, I felt drawn to the woman in this
- painting for the mere fact that she is easiest to see and in the
- middle of the picture. The design principle, focal point, the
- point of emphasis that attracts attention and encourages the
- viewer to look further best explains how I was pulled in by
- Potiphar's wife. Through my research I discovered Rembrandt, in
- order to heighten the importance of Potiphar's wife's action, her
- fingers pointing to the robe, placed her fingertips in the middle
- of the canvas (Munz 10). Another important placement involves
- the bed. After a careful look at the picture, I found the bed
- also is located in the middle of the painting, and covers over
- half of the canvas. The bed also then another focal point since
- it dominates the composition while other areas are subordinate to
- it. Rembrandt's focal points work because of the strong contrast
- between light and dark and because of placement of the characters
- in this story. Thus, through research I learned how Rembrandt
- achieves his focal points which my first perception initially
- discovered.
- Now without knowing the story of Joseph and Potiphar's wife
- one could piece together the events taking place by the content
- in the painting. There is a large room partly lit. In the
- center is a bed with snow white sheets fitted perfectly, as if a
- maid had just finished dressing it. To the side of the bed,
- seated in an equally large chair, is a most troubled-looking
- woman. She is adorned with a lavish, bright-colored gown, and
- wears decorative jewelry, with her hair luxuriously woven. She
- points with her right hand an accusing finger at a dark maroon
- cloak draped on one of the bed posts. Her other hand nurses a
- torn lapel of an under garment, suggesting she has been in some
- manner violated. She looks, with a creased forehead, at a tall,
- dark figure to the her left, whom for the lack of lighting
- shimmers in an elegant uniform, his head donning a turban. He
- leans on the back of her chair, his hand closed, but his arm
- pointing in the same direction as the cloak. His other arm is on
- his hip directly above a sheathed sword. His overall stature and
- facial expression appears quizzical, as he ponders over the
- serious situation. The situation of course concerns the
- accusation his wife makes of the owner of the cloak. The lonely
- figure in the corner dressed in the drab olive green tunic stands
- silently listening to the woman, obviously the accused owner of
- this cloak. His maroon red sash with the keys reveals his
- importance to the household. Rembrandt clearly brought this
- "scene to life convincingly"(Schwartz 15). For him to have
- accomplished this feat, he "had to give each figure an
- appropriate expression, pose, and costume"(Schwartz 15). All
- this Rembrandt has done, leaving us with a tragic moment in
- biblical history captured beautifully in this awesome painting of
- Joseph accused by Potiphar's wife.
- Work Cited
- Barker, Kenneth. The Holy Bible, New International Version.
- Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House,1995.
- Muhlberger, Richard. What Makes A Rembrandt A Rembrandt? New
- York: Viking, 1993.
- Munz, Ludwig. Rembrandt. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc, 1984
- Schwartz, Gary. First Impressiaons:Rembrandt. New York: Harry N.
- Abrams Inc, 1992.